Category Archives: LLM

Large Language Models

A Model for Mental Health Using LLM

We are currently facing one of the largest mental health crises of this century. The pressures and challenges of living day to day exceed the current mental health resources that are available and accessible for most. Data has a substantial role within healthcare, especially when it comes to developing treatment plans for individuals facing mental health challenges. Technologists are looking at new ways to provide resources by securely utilizing this foundational data in this arena.

Large language models (LLMs) have made strides in the healthcare domain by leveraging their capacity to analyze text data effectively. By employing natural language processing (NLP) techniques, LLMs can sift through sources such as records, therapy transcripts, and social media content to unveil patterns and connections pertaining to mental health issues. Such capabilities enable them to uncover insights that traditional methods may have missed, thereby offering avenues for comprehending and predicting health outcomes. This type of data processing and retrieval may prompt individuals to reconsider what is shared on social media channels.

Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that LLMs have limitations, including biases in their training data and challenges in interpreting emotions accurately. There is a greater risk for underrepresented communities where limited resources are available; the training data will also be limited. Mental health is not a one-size-fits-all issue. By examining language patterns associated with conditions like anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders, LLMs can support healthcare professionals in identifying problems and providing interventions that could potentially enhance outcomes while also contributing to destigmatizing health matters.

Advanced Language Models (ALMs) have also revolutionized the industry by processing and generating text that mirrors human language patterns using extensive datasets. One area where ALMs have demonstrated promise is healthcare. Analyzing large amounts of text data allows Advanced Language Models (ALMs) to uncover patterns, predict outcomes, and offer insights that were previously hard to obtain. Let’s explore how ALMs are transforming our understanding of the healthcare sector:

Patient Data Review
ALMs can examine records, therapy notes, and patient communications to identify symptoms, track progress, and suggest treatments. This data interpretation capability helps mental health professionals better understand conditions.

Diagnosis
By analyzing interactions, social media posts, and other digital footprints, ALMs can spot signs of health issues. This timely detection can facilitate interventions. Enhance patient outcomes.

Personalized Treatment Plans
ALMs can help develop tailored treatment plans by analyzing data and comparing it with databases containing similar cases. This personalized approach holds promise for improving treatment effectiveness.

Combatting Stigma
Language Learning Models (LLMs) can help reduce the stigma surrounding seeking health support by providing assistance through chatbots and virtual assistants.

Company Insights
Let’s consider two companies that are trying to address this shortage with a technical solution. Woebot Health is utilizing LLMs for healthcare support. They have introduced an agent called Woebot that delivers therapy (CBT) through interactive chat sessions. Woebot uses language models to understand and communicate with users, facilitating conversations that help in managing symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Features

  • Live Chats. Engages with users in a timely manner, providing support and interventions.

  • Personalized Guidance. Offers advice and coping mechanisms through analyzing user interactions.
  • Accessibility. 24/7 availability model, assistance is always at hand.

Wysa
Has a healthcare app powered by AI featuring a coach who guides users through evidence-based practices. The Wysa chatbot allows users to express their emotions and receive guidance on handling stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. It tailors activities to suit the individual’s needs.

Features

  • AI Coaching. Leveraging advanced language models to create user profiles that guide them through cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness exercises, and other therapeutic activities.
  • Data Security: The app encrypts and securely stores data in AWS Cloud and MongoDB Atlas.

Utilizing large language models will allow these companies and others to analyze various sources such as records, scientific papers, and social media content datasets. This presents an opportunity for health research by uncovering correlations and treatment approaches that may pave the way for future advancements in mental health care. Let’s consider the following data points:

Predictive Analysis

Language models have the ability to predict health trends and outcomes using data, which helps in planning and allocating resources for healthcare services.

Understanding Natural Language

By understanding the language used during therapy sessions, language models can assess the effectiveness of methods and provide suggestions for improvement.

Ethical Considerations

Although language models hold potential in healthcare, there are challenges and ethical considerations that need to be considered. Safeguarding the privacy and security of health information is essential to maintain user trust and confidentiality. Addressing any biases in the training data used for language models is a step towards ensuring unbiased support in mental health contexts. Prioritizing fairness reassures audiences about considerations in health support. It’s important to validate and update advice and insights from language models regularly to uphold their accuracy and reliability. This validation process plays a role in building confidence in the reliability of health support. While language models can serve as tools, they should complement rather than replace mental health professionals, enhancing human judgment instead of replacing it.

Future Directions

Incorporating tools based on language models into existing healthcare systems can streamline decision-making processes, with AI serving as an element within treatment procedures. Advancements in LLM technology could bring about health support tailored to individual backgrounds, preferences, and responses to previous treatments. By analyzing text and data sources like speech patterns and facial expressions, a comprehensive picture of a person’s well-being can be obtained.

Companies such as Woebot Health and Wysa are at the forefront of using AI to provide customized health guidance. This underscores a sense of duty and dedication towards their use to ensure that these technologies can fulfill their potential. Despite facing obstacles, the potential benefits of LLMs in understanding and treating health conditions are significant. As advancements continue, we can look forward to solutions that enhance our grasp on supporting mental well-being.

Ethical considerations surrounding LLMs in healthcare are crucial. Prioritizing data privacy and addressing any present biases is essential. The responsible use of AI-generated insights is key to implementing these technologies. Despite challenges, the profound transformative impact of LLMs on healthcare opens up avenues for diagnosing, treating, and supporting individuals dealing with health issues in the future.

What’s Cooking in the AI Test Kitchen – RAG

Cooking is one of my favorite hobbies, so I took the opportunity to combine my interest in technology and cooking to discuss this innovative chapter on Generative AI, RAG. First, let’s get the basics out of the way.

What is Generative AI? How is it different from the AI?

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI refers to computer systems performing tasks that typically require intelligence. It includes machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods. AI systems learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions autonomously. Examples of AI applications include speech recognition and self-driving cars. While AI can simulate thinking processes, it does not have human consciousness.

Generative AI

Generative AI is a subset of AI that focuses on generating content. In contrast to AI, which leads by rules, generative AI employs self-learning models to produce innovative outputs. Examples of AI encompass text generation models like GPT 4 and image creation models like DALL E. This branch of AI merges creativity with innovation, empowering machines to create art, music, and literature. Nonetheless, it encounters challenges related to considerations, bias mitigation, and control over the generated content.

Generally speaking, AI techniques encompass applications, while generative AI stands out for its emphasis on creativity and original content creation. 

Now, back to our test kitchen. Let’s put on our virtual aprons to travel on a flavor-filled journey to understand how RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) works in the realm of Generative AI. Imagine we’re in a busy kitchen, aprons on, ready to cook some insights. Let’s use a basic roasted chicken recipe for this analogy.

The Recipe

Ingredients:

  • Chicken is our base ingredient, representing the raw text or prompt. I recommend cleaned chicken (unbiased).
  • Seasonings: These are the retrieval documents, like a well-stocked spice rack. Each seasoning (document) adds depth and context to our chicken (prompt).

Preparation:

  • Marinating the Chicken: We start by marinating our chicken with the prompt. This is where RAG comes into play. It retrieves relevant documents (seasonings) from its vast knowledge base (like a library pantry).
  • Selecting the Right Spices: RAG carefully selects the most relevant documents (spices) based on the prompt. These could be scientific papers, blog posts, or historical texts. This is my favorite part.

Cooking Process:

  • Simmering and flavor injecting: Just as we simmer our chicken with spices, RAG injects the prompt with context from the retrieved documents. It absorbs the flavors of knowledge, understanding nuances, and connections.
  • Balancing Flavors: RAG balances the richness of retrieved information. Too much spice (document) overwhelms the dish (response), while too little leaves it bland.

Generative Magic:

  • The Cooking Alchemy: Now, the magic happens. RAG combines the marinated prompt with the seasoned context. It’s like a chef creating a new recipe, drawing inspiration from old cookbooks of classic dishes.
  • Creating the Dish: RAG generates an informed and creative response. It’s not just recycling facts; it’s crafting a unique flavor profile.

Serving the Dish:

  • Plating and Garnishing: Our dish is ready! RAG delivers a rich, layered, and tailored response to the prompt—like presenting a beautifully plated meal.
  • Bon Appétit!: The user enjoys the response, savoring the blend of retrieval and generation. Just as a well-seasoned chicken satisfies the palate, RAG satisfies the hunger for knowledge and creativity.

RAG reminds me of a beautiful meal that can satisfy the desires of the most discerning taste. A traveled chef who searches for the best ingredients from around the globe and retrieves them to generate tasteful dishes. So, next time you encounter RAG, think of yourself as a chef creating delightful technology-based feasts.

A curated list of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) in large language models.

Roasted Garlic Chicken

PyGraft – A Python-Based AI Tool for Generating Knowledge Graphs

Visualization

Telling a story with data is an effective way to share information. I’ve spent years developing data stories with standard reporting tools as the only option. Visualizing information has become incredibly important today, especially when representing and analyzing relationships between entities and concepts. Knowledge graphs (KGs) capture these relationships through triples (s, p, o) where s represents the subject, ‘o’ represents the object, and ‘p’ defines their relationship. KGs are often accompanied by schemas or ontologies defining the data’s structure and meaning. They have proven valuable in recommendation systems and natural language understanding.

Challenges Associated with Mainstream KGs

While knowledge graphs are tools, there are limitations when relying solely on mainstream knowledge graphs for evaluating AI models. These mainstream KGs often share properties that can lead to evaluations, particularly in tasks like node categorization. Additionally, some datasets used for link prediction may contain biases and inference patterns that can result in assessments of models.

Furthermore, in fields like education, law enforcement, and healthcare, where data privacy is a concern, publicly accessible knowledge graphs are not always readily available. Researchers and practitioners in these domains often have requirements for their knowledge graphs. It is crucial to create graphs replicating real-world graphs’ characteristics.
To tackle these challenges, a group of researchers from Université de Lorraine and Université Côte d’Azur has developed PyGraft, a Python-based AI tool that’s the source. PyGraft aims to generate customized schemas and knowledge graphs that apply to domains.

Contributions to this space:

  • Pipeline for Knowledge Graph Generation;
    PyGraft introduces a pipeline for generating schemas and knowledge graphs, allowing researchers and practitioners to customize the generated resources according to their requirements. This ensures flexibility and adaptability.
  • Domain Neutral Resources;
    One remarkable feature of PyGraft is its ability to create domain schemas and knowledge graphs. This means the generated resources can be used for benchmarking and experimentation across fields and applications. It eliminates the necessity for domain KGs, making it an invaluable tool for domain research.
  • Expanded Range of RDFS and OWL Elements;
    PyGraft uses RDF Schema (RDFS) and Web Ontology Language (OWL) elements to construct knowledge graphs with semantics. This technology allows resource descriptions while adhering to accepted standards of the Semantic Web.
  • Ensuring Logical Coherence through DL Reasoning;
  • The tool uses a reasoning system based on Description Logic (DL) to ensure that the resulting schemas and knowledge graphs are coherent. This process guarantees that the generated knowledge graphs follow the principles of ontology.

Accessibility in a Tool

PyGraft is an open-source project with available code and documentation. It also includes examples to make it user-friendly for beginners and experienced users.

PyGraft is a Python library that researchers and practitioners can use to generate schemas and knowledge graphs (KGs) according to their requirements. It enables the creation of schemas and KGs, on demand with knowledge of the desired specifications. The resources generated are not tied to any application field, making PyGraft a valuable tool for data-limited research domains.

Features:

  • It can generate schemas, knowledge graphs, or both.
  • The generation process is highly customizable through user-defined parameters.
  • Schemas and KGs are constructed using a range of RDFS and OWL constructs.
  • Logical consistency is guaranteed by employing a DL reasoner called HermiT.
  • A generator of synthesizing both schemas and knowledge graphs using a single pipeline.
  • Creates generated schemas and KGs(Knowledge Graphs) with a set of RDFS(Resource Description Framework Schema) and OWL (W3C Web Ontology Language) constructs, ensuring compliance with used Semantic Web standards.


PyGraft is an advancement in the field of knowledge graph generation. It overcomes the limitations of mainstream KGs by offering a customizable solution for researchers, practitioners, and engineers.

PyGraft enables users to create KGs that accurately reflect real-world data by adopting a domain approach and adhering to Semantic Web standards.

Pygraft bridges the gap between data privacy and the need for high-quality knowledge graphs.

The beauty of this open-source tool, is that it encourages collaboration and innovation within the AI and Semantic Web communities, opening up possibilities for knowledge representation and reasoning. This type of technical collaboration is priceless.

Resources:

https://pygraft.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

https://github.com/nicolas-hbt/pygraft

Claude 2.1 Lets Go!

One of the things I appreciate and respect about Anthropic, the creators of Claude, is the transparency of their messaging and content. The content is easy to understand, and that’s a plus in this space. Whenever I visit their site, I have a clear picture of where they are and the plans for moving forward. OpenAI’s recent shenanigans have piqued my curiosity to revisit other chatbot tools. Over a month ago, I wrote a comparative discussion about a few AI tools. One of the tools I discussed was Claude 2.0. Now that Claude 2.1 has been released, I wanted to share a few highlights based on my research. Note most of these features are by invitation only (API Console)or fee-based (Pro Access only) and are not generally available now in the free tier. There is a robust documentation library for Claude to review.

The Basics

  • Claude 2.1 is a chatbot tool developed by Anthropic. The company builds large language models (LLM) as a cornerstone of its development initiatives and its flagship chatbot, Claude.
  • Claude 2.1 manages the API console in Anthropics’s latest release. This AI machine powers the claude.ai chat experience.
  • In the previous version, Claude 2.0 could handle 100,000 tokens that translated to inputs of around 75,000 words.
  • A token is a unit measurement of text AI models use to represent and process natural language. The unit can be code, text, or characters, depending on the method of tokenization used. The unit of text is assigned a numeric value fed into the model.
  • Claude 2.1 delivers an industry-leading 200K token context window, translating to around 150,000 words, or about 500 pages.
  • A significant reduction in rates of model hallucination and system prompts in version 2.1 means more consistent and accurate responses.

200k Tokens Oh My!

Why the increase in the number of tokens? Anthropic is listening to their growing community of users. Based on use cases, Claude was used for application development and analyzing complex plans and documents. Users wanted more tokens to review large data sets. Claude aims to produce more accurate outputs when working with larger data sets and longer documents.

With this increase in tokens, users can now upload technical documentation like entire codebases, technical documentation, or financial reports. By analyzing detailed content or data, Claude can summarize, conduct Q&A, forecast trends, spot variations across several revisions of the same content, and more.

Processing large datasets and leveraging the benefits of AI by pushing the limit up to 200,000 tokens is a complex feat and an industry first. Although AI cannot replace humans altogether, it can allow humans to use time more efficiently. Tasks typically requiring hours of human effort to complete may take Claude a few minutes. Latency should decrease substantially as this type of technology progresses.

Decrease in Hallucination Rates

Although I am interested in the hallucination aspects of AI, for most this is not ideal in business. Claude 2.1 has also made significant gains in credibility, with a decrease in false statements compared to the previous Claude 2.0 model. Companies can build high-performing AI applications that solve concrete business problems and deploy AI with the goal of greater trust and reliability.

Claude 2.1 has also made meaningful improvements in comprehension and summarization, particularly for long, complex documents that demand high accuracy, such as legal documents, financial reports, and technical specifications. Use cases have shown that Claude 2.1 demonstrated more than a 25% reduction in incorrect answers and a 2x or lower rate of mistakenly concluding a document supports a particular claim. Claude continues to focus on enhancing their outputs’ precision and dependability.

API Tool Use

I am excited to hear about the beta feature that allows Claude to integrate with users’ existing processes, products, and APIs. This expanded interoperability aims to make Claude more useful. Claude can now orchestrate across developer-defined functions or APIs, search over web sources, and retrieve information from private knowledge bases. Users can define a set of tools for Claude and specify a request. The model will then decide which device is required to achieve the task and execute an action on its behalf.

The Console

New consoles can often be overwhelming, but Claude made the commendable choice to simplify their developer Console experience for Claude API users while making it easier to test new prompts for faster learning. The new Workbench product will enable developers to iterate on prompts in a playground-style experience and access new model settings to optimize Claude’s behavior. The user can create multiple prompts and navigate between them for different projects, and revisions are saved as they go to retain historical context. Developers can also generate code snippets to use their prompts directly in one of our SDKs. Access to the console is by invitation only based on when this content was published.

Anthropic will empower developers by adding system prompts, allowing users to provide custom instructions to Claude to improve performance. System prompts set helpful context that enhances Claude’s ability to assume specified personalities and roles or structure responses in a more customizable, consistent way that aligns with user needs.

Claude 2.1 is available in their API and powers the chat interface at claude.ai for both the free and Pro tiers. This advantage is for those who want to test drive before committing to Pro. Usage of the 200K token context window is reserved for Claude Pro users, who can now upload larger files.

Overall, I am happy to see these improvements with Claude 2.1. I like having choices in this space and more opportunities to learn about LLM in AI as a technology person interested in large data sets. Claude is on my shortlist.

Originally published at https://mstechdiva.com on November 23, 2023.

Open Source AI Gets the Bird

Open source creates opportunities for developers worldwide to work together on projects, share knowledge and collectively enhance software solutions. This inclusive approach not speeds up advancements but also ensures that cutting edge tools and technologies are available to everyone. So it always warms my heart when I see any innovations in this space.

Open source software drives innovation by reducing development costs and ensuring transparency and security. To me it embodies the essence of intelligence, by bringing developers together to learn from each other and shape the future of technology as a united community.

The artificial intelligence community has reached a significant milestone with the introduction of Falcon 180B, an open-source large language model (LLM) that boasts an astonishing 180 billion parameters, trained on an unprecedented volume of data. This groundbreaking release, announced by the Hugging Face AI community in a recent blog post, has already profoundly impacted the field. Falcon 180B builds upon the success of its predecessors in the Falcon series, introducing innovations such as multi-query attention to achieve its impressive scale, trained on a staggering 3.5 trillion tokens, representing the longest single-epoch pretraining for any open-source model to date.

Scaling Unleashed

Achieving this goal was no small endeavor. Falcon 180B required the coordinated power of 4,096 GPUs working simultaneously for approximately 7 million GPU hours, with the training and refinement process orchestrated through Amazon SageMaker. Considering this regarding the size of the LLM, the model’s parameters measure 2.5 times larger than Meta’s LLaMA 2, which had previously been considered the most capable open-source LLM with 70 billion parameters trained on 2 trillion tokens. The numbers and data involved are staggering, its like an analyst dream.

Performance Breakthrough

Falcon 180B isn’t just about scale; it excels in benchmark performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. On the leaderboard for open-access models, it impressively scores 68.74 points, coming close to commercial giants like Google’s PaLM-2 on the HellaSwag benchmark. It matches or exceeds PaLM-2 Medium on commonly used benchmarks like HellaSwag, LAMBADA, WebQuestions, Winogrande, and more and performs on par with Google’s PaLM-2 Large. This level of performance is a testament to the capabilities of open-source models, even when compared to industry giants.

Comparing with ChatGPT

When measured against ChatGPT, Falcon 180B sits comfortably between GPT 3.5 and GPT4, depending on the evaluation benchmark. While it may not surpass the capabilities of the paid “plus” version of ChatGPT, it certainly gives the free version a run. I am always happy to see this type of healthy competition in this space.

The Huggingface community is strong so there is potential for further fine-tuning by the community, which is expected to yield even more impressive results. Falcon 180 B’s open release marks a significant step forward in the rapid evolution of large language models, showcasing advanced natural language processing capabilities right from the outset.

A New Chapter in Efficiency

Beyond its sheer scale, Falcon 180B embodies the progress in training large AI models more efficiently. Techniques such as LoRAs, weight randomization, and Nvidia’s Perfusion have played pivotal roles in achieving this efficiency, heralding a new era in AI model development.

With Falcon 180B now freely available on Hugging Face, the AI research community eagerly anticipates further enhancements and refinements. This release marks a huge advancement for open-source AI, setting the stage for exciting developments and breakthroughs. Falcon 180B has already demonstrated its potential to redefine the boundaries of what’s possible in the world of artificial intelligence, and its journey is just beginning. It’s the numbers for me. I am always happy to see this growth in this space. Yes, “the bird” was always about technology. Shared references give you a great headstart in understanding all about Falcon.

References:

huggingface on GitHub

huggingface Falcon documentation

Falcon Models from Technlogy Innovation Institute

The Engineering Mechanics of AI

A new hobby I discovered last year is traditional tabletop puzzles. Building puzzles is a form of Engineering. To illustrate, prompting could be like looking for a puzzle piece. The LLM is trained to search the box for the right puzzle and piece. Let’s shake the box to see what pieces make up an LLM.

What’s in the Box

LLMs, or Large Language Models, are advanced machine learning constructs proficient in handling massive volumes of textual data and producing precise outcomes. Constructed through intricate algorithms, they dissect and comprehend data patterns at the granular level of individual words. This empowers LLMs to grasp the subtleties inherent to human language and its contextual usage. Their virtually boundless capacity to process and create text has fueled their rising prominence across diverse applications, ranging from language translation and chatbots to text categorization.

At their core, Large Language Models (LLMs) serve as fundamental frameworks leveraging deep learning for tasks in natural language processing (NLP) and natural language generation (NLG). These models are engineered to master the intricacies and interconnections of language by undergoing pre-training on extensive datasets. This preliminary training phase facilitates subsequent fine-tuning of models for specific tasks and applications.

LLM Edge Pieces

In a puzzle, the edge pieces are the ones that frame the entire puzzle and give it its shape. Plainly stated, the edges are the most essential pieces of the puzzle. Let’s consider these vital pieces that give LLM its shape and meaning:

Automation and Productivity

Armed with the ability to process large volumes of data, LLMs have become instrumental in automating tasks that once demanded extensive human intervention. Sentiment analysis, customer service interactions, content generation, and even fraud detection are some of the processes that AI has transformed. By assuming these responsibilities, LLMs save time and free up valuable human resources to focus on more strategic and creative endeavors.

Personalization and Customer Satisfaction

The integration of LLMs into chatbots and virtual assistants has resulted in round-the-clock service availability, catering to customers’ needs and preferences at any time. These language models decode intricate patterns in customer behavior by analyzing vast amounts of data. Consequently, businesses can tailor their services and offerings to match individual preferences, increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Enhancing Accuracy and Insights

Meaningful data through insights is an essential attribute of AI. Their capacity to extract patterns and relationships from extensive datasets refines the quality of outputs. These models have demonstrated their abilities to enhance accuracy across various applications, including sentiment analysis, data grouping, and predictive modeling. Their adeptness at extracting intricate patterns and relationships from extensive datasets directly influences the quality of outputs, leading to more informed decision-making.

Language Models Architecture

Autoregressive Language Models

These models predict the next word in a sequence based on preceding words. They have been instrumental in various natural language processing tasks, particularly those requiring sequential context.

Autoencoding Language Models

Autoencoders, conversely, reconstruct input text from corrupted versions, resulting in valuable vector representations. These representations capture semantic meanings and can be used in various downstream tasks.

Hybrid Models

The hybrid models combine the strengths of both autoregressive and autoencoding models. By fusing their capabilities, these models tackle tasks like text classification, summarization, and translation with remarkable precision.

Text Processing

Tokenization

Tokenization fragments text into meaningful tokens, aiding processing. It boosts efficiency, widens vocabulary coverage, and enhances model understanding. This technique increases efficiency and widens the vocabulary coverage, allowing models to understand complex languages better.

Embedding

Embeddings map words to vectors, capturing their semantic essence. These vector representations form the foundation for various downstream tasks, including sentiment analysis and machine translation.

Attention Mechanisms

Attention mechanisms allow models to focus on pertinent information. The mechanisms enable models to focus on relevant information, mimicking human attention processes and significantly enhancing their ability to extract context from sequences.

Pre-training and Transfer Learning

In the pre-training phase, models are exposed to vast amounts of text data, acquiring fundamental language understanding. This foundation is then transferred to the second phase, where transfer learning adapts the pre-trained model to specialized tasks, leveraging the wealth of prior knowledge amassed during pre-training.

The Untraditional Puzzle

Large Language Models (LLM) have demonstrated their effectiveness in enhancing accuracy across various applications, including sentiment analysis, data grouping, and predictive modeling. Their adeptness at extracting intricate patterns and relationships from extensive datasets directly influences the quality of outputs, leading to more informed decision-making.

LLMs are like a giant puzzle with all the pieces coming together to build the model. The difference between LLMs and the traditional puzzle is that a traditional puzzle stops growing once all the pieces are in place. Unlike a traditional puzzle, technological innovations and data gathering will enable the LLM model to continue learning and growing.

Drifting through AI

AI drift refers to a phenomenon in artificial intelligence where sophisticated AI entities, such as chatbots, robots, or digital constructs, deviate from their original programming and directives to exhibit responses and behaviors that their human creators did not intend or anticipate.

The accuracy of data is becoming more and more critical as we move forward in this space. Let’s consider “drift” in AI, why it’s happening, and how to monitor it using Machine Learning.

Factors Leading to AI Drift

  • Loosely Coupled Machine Learning Algorithms: Modern AI systems heavily rely on machine learning algorithms that are more interpretive and adaptable. Unlike traditional technologies focused on rigid computing tasks and quantifiable data, AI now embraces self-correcting and self-evolving tools through machine learning and deep learning strategies. This shift allows AI systems to simulate human thought and intelligence more effectively.
  • Multi-Part Collaborative Technologies: AI drift also stems from collaborative technologies, often called “deep stubborn networks.” These technologies combine generative and discriminative components, allowing them to work together and evolve the AI’s capabilities beyond its original programming. This collaborative approach enables AI systems to produce more accessible results and become less constrained by their initial design.

Understanding AI Drift

AI drift, also known as model drift or model decay, refers to the change in distribution over time for model inputs, outputs, and actuals. In simpler terms, the model’s predictions today may differ from what it predicted in the past. There are different types of drift to monitor in production models:

  • Prediction Drift: This type of drift signifies a change in the model’s predictions over time. It can result in discrepancies between the model’s pre-production predictions and its predictions on new data. Detecting prediction drift is crucial in maintaining model quality and performance.
  • Concept Drift: Concept drift, on the other hand, relates to changes in the statistical properties of the target variable or ground truths over time. It indicates a shift in the relationship between current and previous actuals, making it vital to ensure model accuracy and relevance in real-world scenarios.
  • Data Drift: Data drift refers to a distribution change in the model’s input data. Shifts in customer preferences, seasonality, or the introduction of new offerings can cause data drift. Monitoring data drift is essential to ensure the model remains resilient to changing input distributions and maintains its performance.
  • Upstream Drift: Upstream drift, or operational data drift, results from changes in a model’s data pipeline. This type of drift can be challenging to detect, but addressing it is crucial to manage performance issues as the model moves from research to production.

Detecting AI drift: Key factors to consider.

  • Model Performance: Monitoring for drift helps identify when a model’s performance is degrading, allowing timely intervention before it negatively impacts the customer experience or business outcomes.
  • Model Longevity: As AI models transition from research to the real world, predicting how they will perform is difficult. Monitoring for drift ensures that models remain accurate and relevant even as the data and operating environment change.
  • Data Relevance:  Models trained on historical data need to adapt to the changing nature of input data to maintain their relevance in dynamic business environments.

Here’s a front-runner I discovered in my research on this topic:

Evidentlyai, is a game-changing open-source ML observability platform that empowers data scientists and Machine Learning(ML) engineers to assess, test, and monitor machine learning models with unparalleled precision and ease. 

Evidentlyai rises above the conventional notion of a mere monitoring tool or service; it is a comprehensive ecosystem designed to enhance machine learning models’ quality, reliability, and performance throughout their entire lifecycle.

Three Sturdy Pillars

This product stands on three sturdy pillars: Reporting, Testing, and Monitoring. These distinct components offer a diverse range of applications that cater to varying usage scenarios, ensuring that every aspect of model evaluation and testing is covered comprehensively.

  • Reporting: Visualization is paramount in reporting. Love this part. The reporting provides data scientists and ML engineers with a user-friendly interface to delve into the intricacies of their models. By translating complex data into insightful visualizations, Reports empower users to deeply understand their model’s behavior, uncover patterns, and make informed decisions. It’s more than just data analysis; it’s a journey of discovery.
  • Testing: Testing is the cornerstone of model reliability. Evidentlyai’s testing redefines this process by introducing automated pipeline testing. This revolutionary approach allows rigorous model quality assessment, ensuring every tweak and modification is evaluated against a comprehensive set of predefined benchmarks. Evidentlyai streamlines the testing process through automated testing, accelerating model iteration and evolution.
  • Monitoring:  Real-time monitoring is the key to preemptive issue detection and performance optimization. Evidentlyai’s monitoring component is poised to revolutionize model monitoring by providing continuous insights into model behavior. By offering real-time feedback on model performance, Monitoring will empower users to identify anomalies, trends, and deviations, allowing for swift corrective action and continuous improvement.

Evidentlyai

At the heart of Evidentlyai lies its commitment to open-source collaboration. This level of commitment always makes me smile. The platform’s Python library opens up a world of possibilities for data scientists and ML engineers, enabling them to integrate Evidentlyai seamlessly into their workflows. This spirit of openness fosters innovation, accelerates knowledge sharing, and empowers the AI community to collectively elevate model monitoring and evaluation standards.

Evidentlyai is a beacon of innovation, redefining how we approach model monitoring and evaluation. Its comprehensive suite of components, ranging from insightful Reports to pioneering automated Tests and real-time Monitors, showcases a commitment to excellence that is second to none. As industries continue to harness the power of AI, Evidentlyai emerges as a vital companion on the journey to model reliability, performance, and success. Experience the future of model observability today, and embrace a new era of AI confidence with Evidentlyai.

AI drift is an essential aspect of machine learning observability that cannot be overlooked. By understanding and monitoring different types of drift, data scientists and AI practitioners can take proactive measures to maintain the performance and relevance of their AI models over time. As AI advances, staying vigilant about drift will be critical in ensuring the success and longevity of AI applications in various industries. Evidentlyai will play a large part in addressing this issue in the future.

GitHub Test ML Models with Evidentlyai.

image credit – suspensions

Reasoning via Planning (RAP) the LLM Reasoners

In my research, I have discovered a variety of LLMs. I am always fascinated by the complexity and capabilities of these models. I follow several startups, founders, researchers, and data scientists in this growing space.

The role of research in AI is critical as they drive the progress and understanding of intelligence technologies. Researchers have a role in exploring state-of-the-art techniques creating algorithms, and discovering new applications for AI. Their work contributes to natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, and more advancements.

They investigate AI systems’ potentials and limitations to ensure their responsible use. Moreover, researchers share their findings through publications promoting collaboration and propelling the field forward. Their commitment to pushing AI’s boundaries improves capabilities and shapes its impact on society. Therefore researchers play a role in shaping the future of AI-driven innovations.

Let’s consider some of the advancements in LLM and how researchers use it to advance their work with Reasoning via Planning(RAP).

Large Language Models (LLMs) are witnessing progress leading to groundbreaking advancements and tools. LLMs have displayed capabilities in tasks such as generating text-classifying sentiment and performing zero-shot classification. These abilities have revolutionized content creation, customer service, and data analysis by boosting productivity and efficiency.

In addition to their existing strengths, researchers are now exploring the potential of LLMs in reasoning. Transformer architecture could accurately respond to reasoning problems in the training space but struggled to generalize to examples drawn from other distributions within the same problem space. They discovered that the models had learned to use statistical features to make predictions rather than understanding the underlying reasoning function.

  • These models can comprehend information and make logical deductions, making them valuable for question-answering, problem-solving, and decision-making. However, despite their skills, LLMs still need help with tasks requiring an internal world model like humans. This limitation hampers their ability to generate action plans and perform reasoning effectively.
  • Researchers have developed a reasoning framework called Reasoning via Planning (RAP) to address these challenges. This framework equips LLMs with algorithms for reasoning, enabling them to tackle tasks more efficiently.

The central concept behind RAP is to approach multi-reasoning as a process of planning, where we search for the most optimal sequence of reasoning steps while considering the balance between exploration and exploitation. To achieve this, RAP introduces the idea of a “World Model” and a “Reward” function.

  • In the RAP framework, the concept of a “World Model” is introduced that treats solutions as states. It then adds actions or thoughts to these states as transitions. The “Reward” function plays a role in evaluating the effectiveness of each reasoning step giving rewards to reasoning chains that are more likely to be correct.
  • Apart from the RAP paper, researchers have proposed LLM Reasoners, an AI library designed to enhance LLMs (language models) with reasoning capabilities. LLM Reasoners perceive step reasoning as a planning process and utilize sophisticated algorithms to search for the most efficient reasoning steps. They strike a balance between exploring options and exploiting information. With LLM Reasoners, you can define reward functions. Optionally include a world model streamlining aspects of the reasoning process such as Reasoning Algorithms, Visualization tools, LLM invocation, etc.
  • Extensive experiments on challenging reasoning problems have demonstrated that RAP outperforms CoT-based (Commonsense Transformers) approaches. In scenarios, it even surpasses models like GPT 4.
  • Through evaluation of the steps in reasoning, the LLM utilizes its world model to create a reasoning tree. RAP allows it to simulate outcomes estimate rewards, and improve its decision-making process.

The versatility of RAP in designing reward states and actions showcases its potential as a framework for addressing reasoning tasks. Its innovative approach that combines planning and reasoning brings forth opportunities for AI systems to achieve thinking and planning at a human level. The advanced reasoning algorithms, user visualization, and compatibility with LLM libraries contribute to its potential to revolutionize the field of LLM reasoning.

Reasoning via Planning (RAP) represents an advancement in enhancing the capabilities of Language Models (LLMs) by providing a robust framework for handling complex reasoning tasks. As AI systems progress, the RAPs approach could be instrumental in unlocking level thinking and planning to propel the field of AI toward an era of intelligent decision-making and problem-solving. The future holds possibilities, with RAP leading the way on this journey. I will continue to share these discoveries with the community.

Resources

Source code Paper for Reasoning via Planning (RAP)

GitHub for RAP

GPT4 LLAMA 2 and Claude 2 – by Design

A Large Language Model (LLM) is a computer program that has been extensively trained using a vast amount of written content from various sources such as the internet, books, and articles. Through this training, the LLM has developed an understanding of language closely resembling our comprehension.

LLM can generate text that mimics writing styles. It can also respond to your questions, translate text between languages, assist in completing writing tasks, and summarize passages.

The design of these models has acquired the ability not to recognize words within a sentence but also to grasp their underlying meanings. They comprehend the context and relationships among words and phrases, producing accurate and relevant responses.

LLMs have undergone training on millions or even billions of sentences. This extensive knowledge enables them to identify patterns and associations that may go unnoticed by humans.

Let’s take a closer look at a few models:

Llama 2

Picture a multilingual language expert that can fluently speak over 200 languages. That’s Llama 2! It’s the upgraded version of Llama jointly developed by Meta and Microsoft. Llama 2 excels at breaking down barriers enabling effortless communication across nations and cultures. This model is ideal for both research purposes and businesses alike. Soon you can access it through the Microsoft Azure platform catalog as Amazon SageMaker.

The Lifelong Learning Machines (LLAMA) project’s second phase, LLAMA 2, introduced advancements:

  • Enhanced ability for continual learning; Expanding on the techniques employed in LLAMA 1, the systems in LLAMA 2 could learn continuously from diverse datasets for longer durations without forgetting previously acquired knowledge.
  • Integration of symbolic knowledge; Apart from learning from data, LLAMA 2 systems could incorporate explicit symbolic knowledge to complement their learning, including utilizing knowledge graphs, rules, and relational information.
  • The design of LLAMA 2 systems embraced a modular and flexible structure that allowed different components to be combined according to specific requirements. By design, LLAMA 2 enabled customization for applications.
  • The systems exhibited enhanced capability to simultaneously learn multiple abilities and skills through multi-task training within the modular architecture.
  • LLAMA 2 systems could effectively apply acquired knowledge to new situations by adapting more flexibly from diverse datasets. Their continual learning process resulted in generalization abilities.
  • Through multi-task learning, LLAMA 2 systems demonstrated capabilities such as conversational question answering, language modeling, image captioning, and more.

GPT 4

GPT 4 stands out as the most advanced version of the GPT series. Unlike its predecessor, GPT 3.5, this model excels at handling text and image inputs. Let’s consider some of its attributes.

Parameters

Parameters dictate how a neural network processes input data and produces output data. They are acquired through training. Encapsulate the knowledge and abilities of the model. As the number of parameters increases, so does the complexity and expressiveness of the model, enabling it to handle amounts of data.

  • Versatile Handling of Multimodal Data: Unlike its previous version, GPT 4 can process text and images as input while generating text as output. This versatility empowers it to handle diverse and challenging tasks such as describing images, answering questions with diagrams, and creating imaginative content.
  •  Addressing Complex Tasks: With a trillion parameters, GPT 4 demonstrates problem-solving abilities. Possesses extensive general knowledge. It can achieve accuracy in demanding tasks like simulated bar exams and creative writing challenges with constraints.
  • Generating Coherent Text: GPT 4 generates coherent and contextually relevant texts. The vast number of parameters allows it to consider a context window of 32,768 tokens, significantly improving the coherence and relevance of its generated outputs.
  • Human-Like Intelligence: GPT 4s, creativity, and collaboration capabilities are astonishing. It can compose songs, write screenplays and adapt to users writing styles. Moreover, it can. Follow nuanced instructions provided in a language, such as altering the tone of voice or adjusting the output format.

Common Challenges with LLM 

  • High Computing Costs: Training and operating a model with such an enormous number of parameters requires resources. OpenAI has invested in a designed supercomputer tailored to handle this workload, estimated to cost around $10 billion.
  •  Extended Training Time: The process of training GPT 4 takes time, although the exact duration has not been disclosed. However OpenAIs ability to accurately predict training performance indicates that they have put effort into optimizing this process.
  •  Alignment with Human Values: Ensuring that GPT 4 aligns with values and expectations is an undertaking. While it possesses capabilities, there is still room for improvement. OpenAI actively seeks feedback from experts and users to refine the model’s behavior and reduce the occurrence of inaccurate outputs.

GPT has expanded the horizons of machine learning by demonstrating the power of learning. This approach enables the model to learn from data and tackle new tasks without extensive retraining.

Claude 2

What sets this model apart is its focus on intelligence. Claude 2 not only comprehends emotions but also mirrors them, making interactions with AI feel more natural and human-like.

Let’s consider some of the features:

  • It can handle, up to 100,000 tokens, analyzing research papers, or extracting data from extensive datasets. The fact that Claude 2 can efficiently handle amounts of text sets it apart from many other chatbot systems available.
  • Emotional intelligence enables it to recognize emotions within the text and effectively gauge your state during conversations. 
  • Potential to improve health support and customer service. Claude 2 could assist in follow-ups and address non-critical questions regarding care or treatment plans. It can understand emotions and respond in a personal and meaningful way.
  • Versatility. Claude 2’s versatility enables processing text from various sources, making it valuable in academia, journalism, and research. Its ability to handle complex information and make informed judgments enhances its applicability in content curation and data analysis.

Both Claude 2 and ChatGPT employ intelligence. They have distinct areas of expertise. Claude 2 specializes in text processing and making judgments, while ChatGPT focuses on tasks. The decision to choose between these two chatbots depends on the needs of the job you have at hand.

Large Language Models have become tools in Artificial Intelligence. LLAMA 2 has enhanced lifelong learning capabilities. The ongoing development of GPT 4 continues to be at the forefront of natural language processing due to the parameter size that enables it. Claude 2’s launch signifies the ongoing evolution of AI chatbots, aiming for safer and more accountable AI technology.

These models have been designed to demonstrate how AI systems can gather information and enhance intelligence through learning. LLMs are revolutionizing our interactions with computers. Transforming how we use language in areas of our lives.